403 lines
27 KiB
TeX
403 lines
27 KiB
TeX
\select@language {english}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{21}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Du temps}{21}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}De l'infiniment grand \IeC {\`a} l'infiniment petit}{21}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}L'univers}{21}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}Les amas de galaxies}{22}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.3}Les galaxies}{23}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.4}Les \IeC {\'e}toiles}{24}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.5}Le syst\IeC {\`e}me solaire}{24}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.6}La Terre et la Lune}{26}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{La Terre}{26}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{La Lune}{27}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les mar\IeC {\'e}es}{30}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.7}Le monde subatomique}{32}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Conclusion}{36}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}La cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Position}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Dimensions}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Une dimension}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Deux dimensions}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Trois dimensions}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Syst\IeC {\`e}me d'axes}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}Position}{37}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.4}D\IeC {\'e}placement}{38}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.5}Distance parcourue}{38}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Vitesse}{38}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Vitesse moyenne}{38}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Exemples}{38}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 1}{38}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 2}{38}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.3}Vitesse instantan\IeC {\'e}e}{38}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.1}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration moyenne}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.2}Exemples}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 1}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 2}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Remarque :}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.3}L'acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration instantan\IeC {\'e}e}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.5}Mouvements simples}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.1}Le mouvement rectiligne uniforme (MRU)}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{39}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{40}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Un exemple : Apollo en route vers la Lune}{40}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Autre exemple : le d\IeC {\'e}placement d'Androm\IeC {\`e}de}{41}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.2}Mouvement rectiligne uniform\IeC {\'e}ment acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}r\IeC {\'e} (MRUA)}{42}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{42}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{42}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.3}La chute libre}{42}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{42}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{42}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Exp\IeC {\'e}rience}{42}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Calculs}{43}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Analyse des r\IeC {\'e}sultats}{43}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Conclusions}{44}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.4}Balistique}{44}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{44}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{44}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{\IeC {\'E}quations}{45}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Premier exemple}{45}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Second exemple}{45}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.5}La chute libre ... de la Lune}{45}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.6}Mouvement circulaire uniforme (MCU)}{47}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Relation importante}{48}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.7}Lois de Kepler}{49}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}La m\IeC {\'e}canique}{53}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}La ``m\IeC {\'e}canique'' d'Aristote}{53}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Introduction}{53}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.2}Platon}{53}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.3}Aristote}{54}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{54}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Dynamique}{54}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}M\IeC {\'e}canique de Newton}{57}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Introduction}{57}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}M\IeC {\'e}canique}{57}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les trois lois de Newton}{57}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Force ext\IeC {\'e}rieure}{58}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemples}{59}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Types de forces}{60}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Loi de la gravitation universelle}{60}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Le poids}{61}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{62}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Masse et poids}{62}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Poids apparent}{63}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Gravitation et MCU}{64}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Troisi\IeC {\`e}me loi de Kepler}{65}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les mar\IeC {\'e}es}{67}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Le frottement}{71}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{72}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{La force d'un ressort}{72}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{73}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}M\IeC {\'e}canique en plusieurs dimensions}{75}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Pr\IeC {\'e}liminaires}{75}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}Dimensions}{75}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Syst\IeC {\`e}me d'axes}{75}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Notion de vecteur en physique}{75}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Norme d'un vecteur}{75}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Op\IeC {\'e}rations vectorielles}{75}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{produit scalaire}{76}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Produit vectoriel}{76}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}M\IeC {\'e}canique}{76}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{76}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Position}{76}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Vitesse}{77}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{77}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Dynamique}{77}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Premi\IeC {\`e}re loi}{77}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Seconde loi}{77}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Troisi\IeC {\`e}me loi}{77}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Exemples}{77}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Statique}{77}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Plan inclin\IeC {\'e}}{78}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Balistique}{80}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Mouvement circulaire uniforme : MCU}{82}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{82}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{82}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Relation importante}{83}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Dynamique}{84}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Virages inclin\IeC {\'e}s}{84}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Vitesses minimales}{84}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Vitesses maximales}{85}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Satellite en orbite g\IeC {\'e}ostationnaire}{86}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Introduction}{86}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Th\IeC {\'e}oriquement}{86}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Num\IeC {\'e}riquement}{86}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.6}Mouvement central}{87}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement kepleriens}{87}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Loi de Kepler}{87}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}M\IeC {\'e}canique diff\IeC {\'e}rentielle}{89}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{89}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{89}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Exemples}{90}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement rectiligne uniform\IeC {\'e}ment acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}r\IeC {\'e} : MRUA}{90}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Port\IeC {\'e} maximum en balistique}{90}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Dynamique}{91}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.1}Int\IeC {\'e}gration}{91}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chute libre}{91}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Freinage}{91}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.2}\IeC {\'E}quation diff\IeC {\'e}rentielle}{91}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chute dans un fluide visqueux}{91}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement harmonique}{93}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement harmonique d'une masse pendante}{94}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement non lin\IeC {\'e}aire}{95}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Impulsion et quantit\IeC {\'e} de mouvement}{97}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{97}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Quantit\IeC {\'e} de mouvement}{97}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Masse d'inertie}{97}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{98}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Choc parfaitement \IeC {\'e}lastique}{98}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Exemple}{98}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Choc parfaitement mou}{99}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5.1}Exemple}{99}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.6}choc bidimentionnel}{100}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6.1}Exemple}{100}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.7}Impulsion}{100}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.8}Impulsion et quantit\IeC {\'e} de mouvement}{100}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}L'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{101}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Introduction}{101}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Travail}{101}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.3}Puissance}{102}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.4}\IeC {\'E}nergie potentielle}{102}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{103}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.6}Th\IeC {\'e}or\IeC {\`e}me de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{103}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.7}Conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{103}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.8}Variation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{105}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.9}\IeC {\'E}nergies renouvelables}{105}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.1}\IeC {\'E}nergie hydraulique}{106}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple}{107}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Types de turbines}{107}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Alternateur}{107}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Probl\IeC {\`e}mes rencontr\IeC {\'e}s}{108}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{108}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire}{109}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire thermique}{110}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire \IeC {\'e}lectrique}{111}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.4}\IeC {\'E}nergie g\IeC {\'e}othermique}{112}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.10}\IeC {\'E}nergies non renouvelables}{113}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.10.1}\IeC {\'E}nergie nucl\IeC {\'e}aire}{113}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Fission}{113}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}chets radioactifs}{115}
|
|
\contentsline {paragraph}{Accidents nucl\IeC {\'e}aires}{115}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Fusion}{115}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.10.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie de combustion : p\IeC {\'e}trole et gaz}{116}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {8}L'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{119}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.1}Introduction}{119}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.2}Le travail}{119}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.1}Historiquement}{119}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.2}D\IeC {\'e}finition}{120}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Travail simple}{120}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Travail et produit scalaire}{120}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Travail cas g\IeC {\'e}n\IeC {\'e}ral}{120}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.3}L'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{121}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.1}Introduction}{121}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie potentielle}{122}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{122}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.4}\IeC {\'E}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{122}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.5}Exemple}{122}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.4}Conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{123}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4.1}Introduction}{123}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4.2}Th\IeC {\'e}or\IeC {\`e}me de conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{123}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4.3}Exemples}{123}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.5}Limite du th\IeC {\'e}or\IeC {\`e}me de conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{124}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.6}Forces conservatives}{124}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6.1}D\IeC {\'e}finition}{124}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6.2}Exemple}{124}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {9}Thermodynamique}{127}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.1}Introduction}{127}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.2}Temp\IeC {\'e}rature}{127}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2.1}Celsius}{127}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2.2}Fahrenheit}{127}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2.3}Kelvin}{128}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2.4}Agitation mol\IeC {\'e}culaire}{128}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.3}Dilatation}{128}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.4}Chaleur}{129}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.1}Chaleur sp\IeC {\'e}cifique}{129}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.2}Chaleur latente}{129}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie thermique}{130}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.1}Premier principe}{131}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {10}Thermodynamique}{133}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.1}Temp\IeC {\'e}rature et dilatation}{133}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1.1}Temp\IeC {\'e}rature}{133}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1.2}Dilatation}{133}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.2}Chaleurs sp\IeC {\'e}cifique et latente}{135}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.1}Introduction}{135}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.2}Chaleur sp\IeC {\'e}cifique}{135}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chaleur massique}{135}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Capacit\IeC {\'e} thermique}{136}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Notion de mole}{136}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chaleur molaire}{136}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Relation entre chaleur massique et molaire}{137}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chaleur latente}{137}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}vaporation}{137}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.3}Bilan thermique}{138}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.3}Loi des gaz parfaits}{139}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3.1}\IeC {\'E}quation d'\IeC {\'e}tat}{139}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Pression}{139}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}tat d'un gaz parfait}{139}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Approche intuitive}{139}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Approche mol\IeC {\'e}culaire}{140}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3.2}Gaz parfait}{141}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.4}Premier principe}{141}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4.1}Chaleur}{141}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4.2}Travail}{142}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie interne}{142}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}quipartition de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{143}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4.4}Premier principe}{143}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4.5}Changements d'\IeC {\'e}tats}{143}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformation isobare}{144}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformation isochore}{144}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformation isotherme}{145}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformation adiabatique}{146}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4.6}Chaleurs sp\IeC {\'e}cifiques}{147}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.5}Machines thermiques}{148}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.1}Machine simple}{148}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.2}Moteur \IeC {\`a} explosion}{150}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.3}Moteur Diesel}{152}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.4}Machine de Stirling}{154}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.5}Climatiseur}{154}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.6}R\IeC {\'e}frig\IeC {\'e}rateur}{154}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.7}Pompe \IeC {\`a} chaleur}{154}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.8}Cycle de Carnot}{154}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.6}Thermodynamique statistique}{154}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.7}Second principe}{155}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {A}Syst\IeC {\`e}mes d'unit\IeC {\'e}s}{157}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.1}Introduction}{157}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.2}Op\IeC {\'e}rateur d'unit\IeC {\'e}s}{157}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.3}Analyse dimentionnelle}{158}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.4}Les unit\IeC {\'e}s du Syst\IeC {\`e}me International}{159}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {A.4.1}Exemple}{159}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.5}Conversions}{159}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.6}Sous-multiples}{160}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.7}Notation scientifique}{160}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.8}R\IeC {\`e}gles de calcul}{161}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {B}Deux syst\IeC {\`e}mes de coordonn\IeC {\'e}es}{163}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {B.1}Le syst\IeC {\`e}me de coordonn\IeC {\'e}es circulaires}{163}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.1.1}Introduction}{163}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.1.2}Description}{163}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {B.2}Coordonn\IeC {\'e}es sph\IeC {\'e}riques}{163}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.1}Introduction}{163}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.2}Description}{163}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.3}Latitude et longitude}{164}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {C}Mesures de distances}{165}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.1}La taille de la Terre}{165}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {C.1.1}Le principe}{165}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {C.1.2}Techniquement}{166}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.2}La taille de la Lune}{167}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.3}La distance Terre-Lune}{167}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.4}La distance Terre-Soleil}{168}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.5}La distance des \IeC {\'e}toiles}{170}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {D}Travaux pratiques}{171}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.1}Le rapport de laboratoire}{171}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.1.1}Plan d'un rapport de travail pratique}{172}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Pr\IeC {\'e}liminaires}{172}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{R\IeC {\'e}sum\IeC {\'e}}{172}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{But}{172}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Th\IeC {\'e}orie}{172}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Description de l'exp\IeC {\'e}rience}{172}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{172}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Discussion}{174}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Conclusion}{174}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Annexes}{174}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.2}La n\IeC {\'e}buleuse du Crabe}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.1}Introduction}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.2}But du travail pratique}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.3}Dispositif exp\IeC {\'e}rimental}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.4}Mesures}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.5}R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.6}Analyse}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.3}Le pendule simple}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.3.1}Les mesures}{175}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.3.2}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{176}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.4}Mouvement simple : MRU}{176}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.1}Les mesures}{176}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.2}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{176}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.3}Analyse des r\IeC {\'e}sultats}{176}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.5}Mouvement simple :\\MRUA}{176}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.1}But}{176}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.2}Th\IeC {\'e}orie}{177}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.3}Les mesures}{177}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.4}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{177}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.5}Galil\IeC {\'e}e et le plan inclin\IeC {\'e}}{177}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.6}La chute libre}{177}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.6.1}Cette exp\IeC {\'e}rience donnant lieu \IeC {\`a} un rapport not\IeC {\'e}, elle n'est pas d\IeC {\'e}crite.}{177}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.6.2}R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{177}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.7}Le canon horizontal}{177}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.8}Le chariot \IeC {\`a} masse pendante}{178}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {E}Rotations}{179}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.1}Rotation de la Terre sur elle-m\IeC {\^e}me}{179}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.2}Rotation de la Terre autour du Soleil}{179}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.3}Rotation du Soleil dans la Voie Lact\IeC {\'e}e}{181}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.4}Vitesse et r\IeC {\'e}f\IeC {\'e}rentiel}{181}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {F}MRUA d\IeC {\'e}veloppements}{183}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {F.1}La position}{183}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {F.2}Une autre relation bien pratique}{183}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {F.2.1}Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{183}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {F.2.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie}{184}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {G}Chute de la Lune}{185}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.1}Introduction}{185}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.2}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{185}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.3}Force de gravitation}{186}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {H}Satellite en orbite g\IeC {\'e}ostationnaire}{187}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.1}Introduction}{187}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.2}Th\IeC {\'e}oriquement}{187}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.3}Num\IeC {\'e}riquement}{188}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.4}Loi de Kepler}{188}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {I}Relativit\IeC {\'e}}{189}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.1}Relativit\IeC {\'e} galil\IeC {\'e}enne}{189}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.2}Transformation galil\IeC {\'e}enne}{190}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.3}Invariance}{191}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.4}Forces inertielles}{191}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {I.4.1}Force d'inertie}{191}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {I.4.2}Force centrifuge}{192}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {J}Mar\IeC {\'e}es}{195}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.1}Introduction}{195}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.2}Centre de gravit\IeC {\'e}}{195}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.3}Force d'inertie}{196}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.3.1}Vitesse angulaire}{196}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.3.2}Force d'inertie}{196}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.4}Poids relatif}{197}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.5}Analyse diff\IeC {\'e}rentielle}{197}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.6}Autres rythmes}{197}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.1}D\IeC {\'e}calages}{198}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.2}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de vives et mortes eaux}{198}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.3}Mar\IeC {\'e}es d'\IeC {\'e}quinoxes}{198}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.4}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de p\IeC {\'e}rig\IeC {\'e}e et p\IeC {\'e}rih\IeC {\'e}lie}{199}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.5}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de d\IeC {\'e}clinaison}{199}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.6}Retards et mar\IeC {\'e}es c\IeC {\^o}ti\IeC {\`e}res}{199}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.7}Limite de Roche}{199}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.7.1}Mod\IeC {\`e}le simplifi\IeC {\'e}}{200}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.7.2}Exemples}{201}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {K}\IeC {\'E}nergies}{203}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.1}Introduction}{203}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie hydraulique}{203}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{204}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {K.3.1}R\IeC {\`e}gle de Betz}{204}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {K.3.2}\IeC {\'E}oliennes}{205}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}olienne de Collonges-Dor\IeC {\'e}naz}{205}
|
|
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}oliennes du Mont Soleil (Jura suisse)}{205}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.4}G\IeC {\'e}othermie}{205}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie de combustion des d\IeC {\'e}chets}{206}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {L}Exercices}{207}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {L.1}Probl\IeC {\`e}mes}{207}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.1}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la conversion d'unit\IeC {\'e}s et \IeC {\`a} la notation scientifique}{207}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.2}Relatifs aux notions de d\IeC {\'e}placement, position et distance parcourue}{208}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.3}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la notion de vitesse}{208}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.4}Relatif \IeC {\`a} la notion d'acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{208}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.5}Relatif au MRU}{209}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.6}Relatif au MRUA}{209}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.7}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la physique aristot\IeC {\'e}licienne}{210}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.8}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la physique newtonienne}{210}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.9}Relatifs aux forces}{213}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.10}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{214}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.11}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{214}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.12}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie hydraulique}{214}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.13}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{215}
|
|
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.14}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie solaire}{215}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {L.2}Solutions}{216}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {L.3}Solutions OS}{230}
|
|
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {M}Ordre de grandeur, erreur et incertitudes}{239}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {M.1}Ordre de grandeur}{239}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {M.2}\IeC {\'E}cart et erreur}{239}
|
|
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {M.3}Incertitude}{240}
|