422 lines
29 KiB
TeX
422 lines
29 KiB
TeX
\babel@toc {french}{}
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{17}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Du temps}{17}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}De l'infiniment grand \IeC {\`a} l'infiniment petit}{17}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}L'Univers}{17}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}Les amas de galaxies}{18}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.3}Les galaxies}{19}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.4}Les \IeC {\'e}toiles}{20}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.5}Le syst\IeC {\`e}me solaire}{20}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.6}La Terre et la Lune}{22}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{La Terre}{22}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{La Lune}{23}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les mar\IeC {\'e}es}{25}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.7}Le monde subatomique}{28}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Conclusion}{32}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}La cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{33}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{33}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Position}{33}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Dimensions}{33}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Syst\IeC {\`e}me d'axes}{33}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}Position}{33}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.4}D\IeC {\'e}placement}{34}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.5}Distance parcourue}{34}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Vitesse}{34}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Vitesse moyenne}{34}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Exemples}{34}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 1}{34}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 2}{34}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.3}Vitesse instantan\IeC {\'e}e}{34}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.1}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration moyenne}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.2}Exemples}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 1}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 2}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Remarque~:}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.3}L'acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration instantan\IeC {\'e}e}{35}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.5}Mouvements simples}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.1}Le mouvement rectiligne uniforme}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{35}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Un exemple~: Apollo en route vers la Lune}{36}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Autre exemple~: le d\IeC {\'e}placement d'Androm\IeC {\`e}de}{37}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.2}Mouvement rectiligne uniform\IeC {\'e}ment acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}r\IeC {\'e} (MRUA)}{37}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{37}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{37}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.3}La chute libre}{38}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{38}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{38}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Exp\IeC {\'e}rience}{38}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Calculs}{38}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Analyse des r\IeC {\'e}sultats}{39}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Conclusions}{40}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.4}Balistique}{40}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{40}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{40}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{\IeC {\'E}quations}{40}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Premier exemple}{41}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Second exemple}{41}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.5}La chute libre ... de la Lune}{41}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.6}Mouvement circulaire uniforme (MCU)}{43}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Relation importante}{43}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.7}Lois de Kepler}{44}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}La m\IeC {\'e}canique}{47}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}La \FB@og m\IeC {\'e}canique\fg {} d'Aristote}{47}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Introduction}{47}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.2}Platon}{47}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.3}Aristote}{48}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{48}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Dynamique}{48}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}M\IeC {\'e}canique de Newton}{51}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Introduction}{51}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}M\IeC {\'e}canique}{51}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les trois lois de Newton}{51}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Force ext\IeC {\'e}rieure}{52}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemples}{53}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Types de forces}{53}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Loi de la gravitation universelle}{54}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Le poids}{54}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{55}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Masse et poids}{56}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Poids apparent}{56}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Gravitation et MCU}{58}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Troisi\IeC {\`e}me loi de Kepler}{59}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les mar\IeC {\'e}es}{61}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Le frottement}{65}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{66}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{La force d'un ressort}{66}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{66}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}M\IeC {\'e}canique en plusieurs dimensions}{69}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Pr\IeC {\'e}liminaires}{69}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}Dimensions}{69}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Syst\IeC {\`e}me d'axes}{69}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Notion de vecteur en physique}{69}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Norme d'un vecteur}{69}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Op\IeC {\'e}rations vectorielles}{70}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{produit scalaire}{70}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Produit vectoriel}{70}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}M\IeC {\'e}canique}{70}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{70}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Position}{70}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Vitesse}{71}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{71}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Dynamique}{71}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Premi\IeC {\`e}re loi}{71}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Seconde loi}{71}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Troisi\IeC {\`e}me loi}{71}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Exemples}{71}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Statique}{71}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Plan inclin\IeC {\'e}}{72}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Balistique}{74}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Mouvement circulaire uniforme~: MCU}{76}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{76}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{76}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Relation importante}{77}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Dynamique}{77}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Virages inclin\IeC {\'e}s}{77}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Vitesses minimales}{78}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Vitesses maximales}{79}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Satellite en orbite g\IeC {\'e}ostationnaire}{80}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Introduction}{80}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Th\IeC {\'e}oriquement}{80}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Num\IeC {\'e}riquement}{80}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.6}Mouvement central}{80}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement kepleriens}{80}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Loi de Kepler}{80}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}M\IeC {\'e}canique diff\IeC {\'e}rentielle}{83}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{83}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{83}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Exemples}{84}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement rectiligne uniform\IeC {\'e}ment acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}r\IeC {\'e}~: MRUA}{84}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Port\IeC {\'e} maximum en balistique}{84}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Dynamique}{85}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.1}Int\IeC {\'e}gration}{85}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chute libre}{85}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Freinage}{85}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.2}\IeC {\'E}quation diff\IeC {\'e}rentielle}{85}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chute dans un fluide visqueux}{85}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement harmonique}{87}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement harmonique d'une masse pendante}{88}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Mouvement non lin\IeC {\'e}aire}{89}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Quantit\IeC {\'e} de mouvement}{91}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{91}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Quantit\IeC {\'e} de mouvement}{91}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Masse d'inertie}{91}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{92}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Choc parfaitement \IeC {\'e}lastique}{92}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Exemple}{92}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Choc parfaitement mou}{93}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5.1}Exemple}{93}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.6}choc bidimentionnel}{94}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6.1}Exemple}{94}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.7}Impulsion}{95}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}L'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{97}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Introduction}{97}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Travail}{97}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.3}Puissance}{98}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.4}\IeC {\'E}nergie potentielle}{98}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{99}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.6}Th\IeC {\'e}or\IeC {\`e}me de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{99}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.7}Conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{99}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.8}Variation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{101}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.9}\IeC {\'E}nergies renouvelables}{101}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.1}\IeC {\'E}nergie hydraulique}{101}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple}{102}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Types de turbines}{103}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Alternateur}{103}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Probl\IeC {\`e}mes rencontr\IeC {\'e}s}{104}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{104}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire}{105}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire thermique}{105}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire \IeC {\'e}lectrique}{107}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.4}\IeC {\'E}nergie g\IeC {\'e}othermique}{108}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.10}\IeC {\'E}nergies non renouvelables}{108}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.10.1}\IeC {\'E}nergie nucl\IeC {\'e}aire}{109}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Fission}{109}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}chets radioactifs}{110}%
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\contentsline {paragraph}{Accidents nucl\IeC {\'e}aires}{111}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Fusion}{111}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.10.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie de combustion~: p\IeC {\'e}trole et gaz}{111}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {8}L'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{115}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.1}Introduction}{115}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.2}Le travail}{115}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.1}Historiquement}{115}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.2}D\IeC {\'e}finition}{116}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Travail simple}{116}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Travail et produit scalaire}{116}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Travail cas g\IeC {\'e}n\IeC {\'e}ral}{116}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.3}L'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{117}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.1}Introduction}{117}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie potentielle}{117}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{118}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.4}\IeC {\'E}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{118}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.5}Exemple}{118}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.4}Conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{118}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4.1}Introduction}{118}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4.2}Th\IeC {\'e}or\IeC {\`e}me de conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{118}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4.3}Exemples}{119}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.5}Limite du th\IeC {\'e}or\IeC {\`e}me de conservation}{120}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.6}Forces conservatives}{120}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6.1}D\IeC {\'e}finition}{120}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6.2}Exemples}{120}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Le poids}{120}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Le ressort}{121}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6.3}G\IeC {\'e}n\IeC {\'e}ralisation}{121}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}nergie gravifique}{122}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {9}Physique th\IeC {\'e}orique}{125}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.1}Introduction}{125}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie potentielle}{125}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{125}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.4}Quantit\IeC {\'e} de mouvement}{125}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.5}Conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{126}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.6}Principe de moindre action}{126}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.1}Lagrangien}{126}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.2}Action}{126}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.3}Minimalisation}{127}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.7}Euler-Lagrange}{127}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {10}Thermodynamique}{129}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.1}Introduction}{129}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.2}Temp\IeC {\'e}rature}{129}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.1}Celsius}{129}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.2}Fahrenheit}{129}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.3}Kelvin}{130}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2.4}Agitation mol\IeC {\'e}culaire}{130}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.3}Dilatation}{130}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.4}Chaleur}{131}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4.1}Chaleur sp\IeC {\'e}cifique}{131}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4.2}Chaleur latente}{131}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie thermique}{132}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5.1}Premier principe}{133}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {11}Thermodynamique}{135}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11.1}Temp\IeC {\'e}rature et dilatation}{135}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.1.1}Temp\IeC {\'e}rature}{135}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.1.2}Dilatation}{135}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11.2}Chaleurs sp\IeC {\'e}cifique et latente}{137}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.2.1}Introduction}{137}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.2.2}Chaleur sp\IeC {\'e}cifique}{137}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chaleur massique}{137}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Capacit\IeC {\'e} thermique}{138}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Notion de mole}{138}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chaleur molaire}{138}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Relation entre chaleur massique et molaire}{139}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Chaleur latente}{139}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}vaporation}{140}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.2.3}Bilan thermique}{140}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11.3}Loi des gaz parfaits}{141}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.3.1}\IeC {\'E}quation d'\IeC {\'e}tat}{141}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Pression}{141}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}tat d'un gaz parfait}{141}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Approche intuitive}{141}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Approche mol\IeC {\'e}culaire}{142}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.3.2}Gaz parfait}{143}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11.4}Premier principe}{143}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4.1}Chaleur}{143}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4.2}Travail}{144}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie interne}{144}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}quipartition de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{145}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4.4}Premier principe}{145}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4.5}Changements d'\IeC {\'e}tats}{145}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformation isobare}{146}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformation isochore}{146}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformation isotherme}{147}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformation adiabatique}{148}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4.6}Chaleurs sp\IeC {\'e}cifiques}{149}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11.5}Machines thermiques}{150}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5.1}Machine simple}{150}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5.2}Moteur \IeC {\`a} explosion}{152}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5.3}Moteur Diesel}{154}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5.4}Machine de Stirling}{156}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5.5}Climatiseur}{156}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5.6}R\IeC {\'e}frig\IeC {\'e}rateur}{156}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5.7}Pompe \IeC {\`a} chaleur}{156}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5.8}Cycle de Carnot}{156}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11.6}Thermodynamique statistique}{157}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11.7}Second principe}{158}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {A}Syst\IeC {\`e}mes d'unit\IeC {\'e}s}{159}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.1}Introduction}{159}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.2}Op\IeC {\'e}rateur d'unit\IeC {\'e}s}{159}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.3}Analyse dimensionnelle}{160}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.4}Les unit\IeC {\'e}s du Syst\IeC {\`e}me International}{161}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {A.4.1}Exemple}{161}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.5}Conversions}{161}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.6}Sous-multiples}{162}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.7}Notation scientifique}{162}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.8}R\IeC {\`e}gles de calcul}{163}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {B}Deux syst\IeC {\`e}mes de coordonn\IeC {\'e}es}{165}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {B.1}Le syst\IeC {\`e}me de coordonn\IeC {\'e}es circulaires}{165}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.1.1}Introduction}{165}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.1.2}Description}{165}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {B.2}Coordonn\IeC {\'e}es sph\IeC {\'e}riques}{165}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.1}Introduction}{165}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.2}Description}{165}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.3}Latitude et longitude}{166}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {C}Mesures de distances}{167}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.1}La taille de la Terre}{167}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {C.1.1}Le principe}{167}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {C.1.2}Techniquement}{168}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.2}La taille de la Lune}{169}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.3}La distance Terre-Lune}{169}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.4}La distance Terre-Soleil}{170}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.5}La distance des \IeC {\'e}toiles}{172}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {D}Travaux pratiques}{173}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.1}Le rapport de laboratoire}{173}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.1.1}Plan d'un rapport de travail pratique}{174}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Pr\IeC {\'e}liminaires}{174}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{R\IeC {\'e}sum\IeC {\'e}}{174}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{But}{174}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Th\IeC {\'e}orie}{174}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Description de l'exp\IeC {\'e}rience}{174}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{174}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Discussion}{176}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Conclusion}{176}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{Annexes}{176}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.2}La n\IeC {\'e}buleuse du Crabe}{177}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.1}Introduction}{177}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.2}But du travail pratique}{177}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.3}Dispositif exp\IeC {\'e}rimental}{177}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.4}Mesures}{177}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.5}R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{177}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.6}Analyse}{177}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.3}Le pendule simple}{177}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.3.1}Les mesures}{177}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.3.2}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{179}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.4}Mouvement simple~: MRU}{180}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.1}Les mesures}{180}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.2}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{180}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.3}Analyse des r\IeC {\'e}sultats}{180}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.5}Mouvement simple~:\\MRUA}{180}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.1}But}{180}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.2}Th\IeC {\'e}orie}{180}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.3}Les mesures}{180}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.4}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{181}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.5}Galil\IeC {\'e}e et le plan inclin\IeC {\'e}}{181}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.6}La chute libre}{181}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.6.1}Cette exp\IeC {\'e}rience donnant lieu \IeC {\`a} un rapport not\IeC {\'e}, elle n'est pas d\IeC {\'e}crite.}{181}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.6.2}R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{181}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.7}Le canon horizontal}{181}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.8}Le chariot \IeC {\`a} masse pendante}{182}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {E}Rotations}{183}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.1}Rotation de la Terre sur elle-m\IeC {\^e}me}{183}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.2}Rotation de la Terre autour du Soleil}{183}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.3}Rotation du Soleil dans la Voie Lact\IeC {\'e}e}{185}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.4}Vitesse et r\IeC {\'e}f\IeC {\'e}rentiel}{185}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {F}MRUA d\IeC {\'e}veloppements}{187}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {F.1}La position}{187}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {F.2}Une autre relation bien pratique}{187}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {F.2.1}Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{187}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {F.2.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie}{188}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {G}Chute de la Lune}{189}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.1}Introduction}{189}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.2}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{189}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.3}Force de gravitation}{190}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {H}Satellite en orbite g\IeC {\'e}ostationnaire}{191}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.1}Introduction}{191}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.2}Th\IeC {\'e}oriquement}{191}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.3}Num\IeC {\'e}riquement}{192}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.4}Loi de Kepler}{192}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {I}Relativit\IeC {\'e}}{193}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.1}Relativit\IeC {\'e} galil\IeC {\'e}enne}{193}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.2}Transformation galil\IeC {\'e}enne}{194}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.3}Invariance}{195}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.4}Forces inertielles}{195}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {I.4.1}Force d'inertie}{195}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {I.4.2}Force centrifuge}{196}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {J}Mar\IeC {\'e}es}{197}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.1}Introduction}{197}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.2}Centre de gravit\IeC {\'e}}{197}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.3}Force d'inertie}{198}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.3.1}Vitesse angulaire}{198}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.3.2}Force d'inertie}{198}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.4}Poids relatif}{199}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.5}Analyse diff\IeC {\'e}rentielle}{199}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.6}Autres rythmes}{199}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.1}D\IeC {\'e}calages}{200}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.2}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de vives et mortes eaux}{200}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.3}Mar\IeC {\'e}es d'\IeC {\'e}quinoxes}{200}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.4}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de p\IeC {\'e}rig\IeC {\'e}e et p\IeC {\'e}rih\IeC {\'e}lie}{201}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.5}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de d\IeC {\'e}clinaison}{201}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.6}Retards et mar\IeC {\'e}es c\IeC {\^o}ti\IeC {\`e}res}{201}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.7}Limite de Roche}{201}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.7.1}Mod\IeC {\`e}le simplifi\IeC {\'e}}{202}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.7.2}Exemples}{203}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {K}\IeC {\'E}nergies}{205}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.1}Introduction}{205}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie hydraulique}{205}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{206}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {K.3.1}R\IeC {\`e}gle de Betz}{206}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {K.3.2}\IeC {\'E}oliennes}{207}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}olienne de Collonges-Dor\IeC {\'e}naz}{207}%
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\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}oliennes du Mont Soleil (Jura suisse)}{207}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.4}G\IeC {\'e}othermie}{207}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie de combustion des d\IeC {\'e}chets}{208}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {L}Exercices}{209}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {L.1}Probl\IeC {\`e}mes}{209}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.1}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la conversion d'unit\IeC {\'e}s et \IeC {\`a} la notation scientifique}{209}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.2}Relatifs aux notions de d\IeC {\'e}placement, position et distance parcourue}{209}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.3}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la notion de vitesse}{210}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.4}Relatif \IeC {\`a} la notion d'acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{210}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.5}Relatif au MRU}{211}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.6}Relatif au MRUA}{211}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.7}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la physique aristot\IeC {\'e}licienne}{212}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.8}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la physique newtonienne}{212}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.9}Relatifs aux forces}{214}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.10}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{216}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.11}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{216}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.12}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie hydraulique}{217}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.13}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{217}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.14}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie solaire}{217}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {L.2}Solutions}{218}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {L.3}Solutions OS}{233}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {M}Ordre de grandeur, erreur et incertitudes}{245}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {M.1}Ordre de grandeur}{245}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {M.1.1}Chiffres significatifs}{245}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {M.1.2}Ordre de grandeur}{245}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {M.2}\IeC {\'E}cart et erreur}{246}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {M.3}Incertitude}{248}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {M.3.1}Addition/soustraction}{248}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {M.3.2}Multiplication par un entier}{249}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {M.3.3}Multiplication/division}{249}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {M.3.4}Puissance}{250}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {M.3.5}R\IeC {\'e}sum\IeC {\'e}}{250}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {M.3.6}Exemples}{251}%
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