CoursMecaniqueEnergie/CoursMecaniqueOSDF.toc

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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{21}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Du temps}{21}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}De l'infiniment grand \IeC {\`a} l'infiniment petit}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}L'univers}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}Les amas de galaxies}{22}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.3}Les galaxies}{23}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.4}Les \IeC {\'e}toiles}{24}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.5}Le syst\IeC {\`e}me solaire}{24}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.6}La Terre et la Lune}{26}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{La Terre}{26}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{La Lune}{27}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les mar\IeC {\'e}es}{30}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.7}Le monde subatomique}{32}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Conclusion}{36}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}La cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{37}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{37}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Position}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Dimensions}{37}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Une dimension}{37}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Deux dimensions}{37}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Trois dimensions}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Syst\IeC {\`e}me d'axes}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}Position}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.4}D\IeC {\'e}placement}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.5}Distance parcourue}{38}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Vitesse}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Vitesse moyenne}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Exemples}{38}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 1}{38}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 2}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.3}Vitesse instantan\IeC {\'e}e}{38}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.1}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration moyenne}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.2}Exemples}{39}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 1}{39}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple 2}{39}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Remarque :}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.3}L'acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration instantan\IeC {\'e}e}{39}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.5}Mouvements simples}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.1}Le mouvement rectiligne uniforme (MRU)}{39}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{39}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{40}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Un exemple : Apollo en route vers la Lune}{40}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Autre exemple : le d\IeC {\'e}placement d'Androm\IeC {\`e}de}{41}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.2}Mouvement rectiligne uniform\IeC {\'e}ment acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}r\IeC {\'e} (MRUA)}{42}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{42}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{42}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.3}La chute libre}{42}
\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{42}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{42}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Exp\IeC {\'e}rience}{42}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Calculs}{43}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Analyse des r\IeC {\'e}sultats}{43}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Conclusions}{44}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.4}Balistique}{44}
\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}finition}{44}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Propri\IeC {\'e}t\IeC {\'e}s}{44}
\contentsline {paragraph}{\IeC {\'E}quations}{45}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Premier exemple}{45}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Second exemple}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.5}La chute libre ... de la Lune}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.6}Mouvement circulaire uniforme (MCU)}{47}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Relation importante}{48}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.7}Lois de Kepler}{49}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}La m\IeC {\'e}canique}{53}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}La ``m\IeC {\'e}canique'' d'Aristote}{53}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Introduction}{53}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.2}Platon}{53}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.3}Aristote}{54}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{54}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Dynamique}{54}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}M\IeC {\'e}canique de Newton}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Introduction}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}M\IeC {\'e}canique}{57}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les trois lois de Newton}{57}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Force ext\IeC {\'e}rieure}{58}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemples}{59}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Types de forces}{60}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Loi de la gravitation universelle}{60}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Le poids}{61}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{62}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Masse et poids}{62}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Poids apparent}{63}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Gravitation et MCU}{64}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Troisi\IeC {\`e}me loi de Kepler}{65}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Les mar\IeC {\'e}es}{67}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Le frottement}{71}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{72}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{La force d'un ressort}{72}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Exemple}{73}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}L'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{75}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{75}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Travail}{75}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Puissance}{76}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}\IeC {\'E}nergie potentielle}{76}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{77}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.6}Th\IeC {\'e}or\IeC {\`e}me de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie cin\IeC {\'e}tique}{77}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.7}Conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{77}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.8}Variation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie m\IeC {\'e}canique}{79}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.9}\IeC {\'E}nergies renouvelables}{79}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.9.1}\IeC {\'E}nergie hydraulique}{80}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Exemple}{81}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Types de turbines}{81}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Alternateur}{81}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Probl\IeC {\`e}mes rencontr\IeC {\'e}s}{82}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.9.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{82}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.9.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire}{83}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire thermique}{84}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}nergie solaire \IeC {\'e}lectrique}{85}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.9.4}\IeC {\'E}nergie g\IeC {\'e}othermique}{86}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.10}\IeC {\'E}nergies non renouvelables}{87}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.10.1}\IeC {\'E}nergie nucl\IeC {\'e}aire}{87}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Fission}{87}
\contentsline {paragraph}{D\IeC {\'e}chets radioactifs}{89}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Accidents nucl\IeC {\'e}aires}{89}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Fusion}{89}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.10.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie de combustion : p\IeC {\'e}trole et gaz}{90}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Thermodynamique}{93}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{93}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Temp\IeC {\'e}rature}{93}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Celsius}{93}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.2}Fahrenheit}{93}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.3}Kelvin}{94}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.4}Agitation mol\IeC {\'e}culaire}{94}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Dilatation}{94}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Chaleur}{95}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Chaleur sp\IeC {\'e}cifique}{95}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Chaleur latente}{95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie thermique}{96}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.1}Premier principe}{97}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {A}Syst\IeC {\`e}mes d'unit\IeC {\'e}s}{99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.1}Introduction}{99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.2}Op\IeC {\'e}rateur d'unit\IeC {\'e}s}{99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.3}Analyse dimentionnelle}{100}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.4}Les unit\IeC {\'e}s du Syst\IeC {\`e}me International}{101}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {A.4.1}Exemple}{101}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.5}Conversions}{101}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.6}Sous-multiples}{102}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.7}Notation scientifique}{102}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.8}R\IeC {\`e}gles de calcul}{103}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {B}Deux syst\IeC {\`e}mes de coordonn\IeC {\'e}es}{105}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {B.1}Le syst\IeC {\`e}me de coordonn\IeC {\'e}es circulaires}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.1.1}Introduction}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.1.2}Description}{105}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {B.2}Coordonn\IeC {\'e}es sph\IeC {\'e}riques}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.1}Introduction}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.2}Description}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {B.2.3}Latitude et longitude}{106}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {C}Mesures de distances}{107}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.1}La taille de la Terre}{107}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {C.1.1}Le principe}{107}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {C.1.2}Techniquement}{108}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.2}La taille de la Lune}{109}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.3}La distance Terre-Lune}{109}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.4}La distance Terre-Soleil}{110}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C.5}La distance des \IeC {\'e}toiles}{112}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {D}Travaux pratiques}{113}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.1}Le rapport de laboratoire}{113}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.1.1}Plan d'un rapport de travail pratique}{114}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Pr\IeC {\'e}liminaires}{114}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{R\IeC {\'e}sum\IeC {\'e}}{114}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{But}{114}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Th\IeC {\'e}orie}{114}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Description de l'exp\IeC {\'e}rience}{114}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{114}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Discussion}{116}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Conclusion}{116}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Annexes}{116}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.2}La n\IeC {\'e}buleuse du Crabe}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.1}Introduction}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.2}But du travail pratique}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.3}Dispositif exp\IeC {\'e}rimental}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.4}Mesures}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.5}R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2.6}Analyse}{117}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.3}Le pendule simple}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.3.1}Les mesures}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.3.2}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{118}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.4}Mouvement simple : MRU}{118}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.1}Les mesures}{118}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.2}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{118}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4.3}Analyse des r\IeC {\'e}sultats}{118}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.5}Mouvement simple :\\MRUA}{118}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.1}But}{118}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.2}Th\IeC {\'e}orie}{119}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.3}Les mesures}{119}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.4}Organisation des donn\IeC {\'e}es et graphiques}{119}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5.5}Galil\IeC {\'e}e et le plan inclin\IeC {\'e}}{119}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.6}La chute libre}{119}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.6.1}Cette exp\IeC {\'e}rience donnant lieu \IeC {\`a} un rapport not\IeC {\'e}, elle n'est pas d\IeC {\'e}crite.}{119}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.6.2}R\IeC {\'e}sultats}{119}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.7}Le canon horizontal}{119}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.8}Le chariot \IeC {\`a} masse pendante}{120}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {E}Rotations}{121}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.1}Rotation de la Terre sur elle-m\IeC {\^e}me}{121}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.2}Rotation de la Terre autour du Soleil}{121}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.3}Rotation du Soleil dans la Voie Lact\IeC {\'e}e}{123}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {E.4}Vitesse et r\IeC {\'e}f\IeC {\'e}rentiel}{123}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {F}MRUA d\IeC {\'e}veloppements}{125}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {F.1}La position}{125}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {F.2}Une autre relation bien pratique}{125}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {F.2.1}Cin\IeC {\'e}matique}{125}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {F.2.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie}{126}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {G}Chute de la Lune}{127}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.1}Introduction}{127}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.2}Acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{127}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.3}Force de gravitation}{128}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {H}Satellite en orbite g\IeC {\'e}ostationnaire}{129}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.1}Introduction}{129}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.2}Th\IeC {\'e}oriquement}{129}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.3}Num\IeC {\'e}riquement}{130}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.4}Loi de Kepler}{130}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {I}Relativit\IeC {\'e}}{131}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.1}Relativit\IeC {\'e} galil\IeC {\'e}enne}{131}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.2}Transformation galil\IeC {\'e}enne}{132}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.3}Invariance}{133}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I.4}Forces inertielles}{133}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {I.4.1}Force d'inertie}{133}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {I.4.2}Force centrifuge}{134}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {J}Mar\IeC {\'e}es}{137}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.1}Introduction}{137}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.2}Centre de gravit\IeC {\'e}}{137}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.3}Force d'inertie}{138}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.3.1}Vitesse angulaire}{138}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.3.2}Force d'inertie}{138}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.4}Poids relatif}{139}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.5}Analyse diff\IeC {\'e}rentielle}{139}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.6}Autres rythmes}{139}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.1}D\IeC {\'e}calages}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.2}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de vives et mortes eaux}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.3}Mar\IeC {\'e}es d'\IeC {\'e}quinoxes}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.4}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de p\IeC {\'e}rig\IeC {\'e}e et p\IeC {\'e}rih\IeC {\'e}lie}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.5}Mar\IeC {\'e}es de d\IeC {\'e}clinaison}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.6.6}Retards et mar\IeC {\'e}es c\IeC {\^o}ti\IeC {\`e}res}{141}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {J.7}Limite de Roche}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.7.1}Mod\IeC {\`e}le simplifi\IeC {\'e}}{142}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {J.7.2}Exemples}{143}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {K}\IeC {\'E}nergies}{145}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.1}Introduction}{145}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.2}\IeC {\'E}nergie hydraulique}{145}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.3}\IeC {\'E}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{146}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {K.3.1}R\IeC {\`e}gle de Betz}{146}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {K.3.2}\IeC {\'E}oliennes}{147}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}olienne de Collonges-Dor\IeC {\'e}naz}{147}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\IeC {\'E}oliennes du Mont Soleil (Jura suisse)}{147}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.4}G\IeC {\'e}othermie}{147}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {K.5}\IeC {\'E}nergie de combustion des d\IeC {\'e}chets}{148}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {L}Exercices}{149}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {L.1}Probl\IeC {\`e}mes}{149}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.1}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la conversion d'unit\IeC {\'e}s et \IeC {\`a} la notation scientifique}{149}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.2}Relatifs aux notions de d\IeC {\'e}placement, position et distance parcourue}{150}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.3}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la notion de vitesse}{150}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.4}Relatif \IeC {\`a} la notion d'acc\IeC {\'e}l\IeC {\'e}ration}{150}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.5}Relatif au MRU}{151}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.6}Relatif au MRUA}{151}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.7}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la physique aristot\IeC {\'e}licienne}{152}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.8}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la physique newtonienne}{152}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.9}Relatifs aux forces}{154}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.10}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{154}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.11}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} la conservation de l'\IeC {\'e}nergie}{155}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.12}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie hydraulique}{155}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.13}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie \IeC {\'e}olienne}{155}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {L.1.14}Relatifs \IeC {\`a} l'\IeC {\'e}nergie solaire}{155}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {L.2}Solutions}{156}